Summary of Kants categorical imperative Essay Example for Free

Synopsis of Kants clear cut basic Essay Immanuel Kants moral hypothesis can be best disclosed by contrasting it with a math condition. Kants moral framework will consistently remain constant regardless of what the condition simply like how two in addition to two will consistently rise to four. As indicated by Kant, our lives ought to be lived by sayings that can be willed into widespread law (Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, p 303). Anyway the activity with respect to an ethical choice isn't decided by the results of that activity, rather by the rationale of that activity. Kants the technique for moral thinking begins by first understanding the guideline the discerning operator is acting under. To completely comprehend what this implies, a normal specialist is to be characterized as a substance who is fit for settling on discerning choices paying little heed to their common tendencies. This condition avoids such models as, creatures, newborn children, and individuals in a trance like state from being viewed as a judicious operator since they don't demonstrate the ability to reason. In the wake of understanding the guideline the individual is acting under, decide whether the explanation is ethically right. So as to decide whether the saying is moral and ready to be willed into all inclusive law, it must finish three assessments: self-sufficiency, regard for mankind, and the realm of closures. Self-sufficiency portrays the sentiment of achievement. This can be represented as a man who guarantees his better half that he will remove the end of the week from hitting the fairway and document their duty reports. By staying faithful to his commitment to his significant other he not just feels the fulfillment from completing their assessment report yet in addition, all the more critically likes finishing his guarantee. Independence is significant provided that the spouse breaks his guarantees and carries on with his life as a guarantee breaker then this adage is unmistakably foolish. The whole proverb of promising to break guarantees doesn't breeze through the assessment of self-governance in this way would never be passed as a general law. Be that as it may, on the off chance that subsequent to breezing through the independence assessment, at that point a standard should likewise regard everybody elses self-rule. So as to regard mankind, settle on choices that show a general worry for levelheaded operators. On the off chance that by regarding them as a judicious specialist, at that point the rule won't influence another people capacity think. So as to do this, it is never adequate to treat a sane being as only a methods (Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, p 307). In other words, the demonstration of assault regards the levelheaded operator as a way to sexual satisfaction. The demonstration of assault doesn't regard the operator as a judicious being and would never be willed into an ethical widespread law. Be that as it may on the off chance that a rule had the option to pass the initial two conditions, at that point it is important to expose it to the realm of closures test. The realm of closures is made out of a gathering of normal specialists all with various destinations throughout everyday life. The significance of having various targets in life protects that all viewpoints and foundations have been secured. These operators have been given the duty of making a free society. A free society involves laws that each sound operator in that society would concur upon. On the off chance that the standard isn't a measure that the realm of closures would authorize, at that point the guideline, by Kants definition, is shameless. Let us dissect the guideline of detachment. Carrying on with an unconcerned life does undoubtedly finish the assessment of self-sufficiency and by demonstrating impassion to other balanced operators it additionally breezes through the assessment of humankind. Be that as it may, aloofness would not pass the realm of closures, as no reasonable being would acknowledge such a saying. Subsequently, an emotionless life couldn't be passed as all inclusive law. For instance, we will allude back to the abuse of Jews during World War II. State a man is concealing a Jew in his home and the Gestapo comes thumping on entryway. Nonetheless, as the Gestapo addresses the man of the whereabouts of the Jew, the man can't lie and state that nobody is stowing away inside his home, and yet, if he somehow happened to come clean he would be in a roundabout way bringing hurt upon himself and the Jew. The man should scrutinize the Gestapo about what they plan on doing to the Jew once they have found him. As indicated by Kant, results have no significance, despite the fact that on the off chance that every single imaginable outcome were known, at that point it is reasonable to softly consider. Since coming clean by giving the Gestapo the whereabouts of the Jew would bring direct mischief, it is allowable to lie. The proverb is never lie except if reality results immediate or aberrant damage. This proverb regards independence and human instinct and would be breeze through the realm of closures assessment and therefore can be willed into all inclusive good law. Presently take the instance of Harry and Sally, as indicated by Kantian good thinking, should Sally tempt Harry? If Sally somehow managed to tempt Harry by returning him to her place and having intercourse with him, she would utilize him as a way to her finishes. By Sally utilizing Harry basically as a way to accomplish her finishes, that ethical choice is breaking a key Kantian standard. Utilizing individuals as just a methods is rarely worthy. The distinction between Sally enticing Harry into sex and Sally having consensual sex with Harry is the distinction of double dealing and intimidation. As per Mappes, double dealing and compulsion are the strategies for explicitly utilizing somebody (Mappes, Sexual Morality, p. 166). The entire thought is based off the regard for a unique individual to deliberately settle on their own choices. By misdirecting somebody, it is unmistakably deceptive an individual to settle on a choice that they would not have made, had it been on their own respect. Anyway the complaint can be made that Sally ought to do what at last brings her pleasure. Utilizing Utilitarian profound quality, something that outcomes in the more prominent joy, or shirking of mischief, of the populaces included is ethically right. Despite the fact that Harry is to some degree fearful of the entire easygoing sex thought, he isn't resistant or emphatically against it. It can even be contemplated that Harry may even have fun once him and Sally are engaging in sexual relations. And furthermore, easygoing sex is totally alright if there is no lying, misleading, or misusing (Elliston, In Defense of Promiscuity, p. 170). I trust Ellistons meaning of misleading is diverse that Kants definition. Kant covers all and any sort of misdirection as improper. Elliston concurs that double dealing is surely shameless, yet his meaning of trickiness would take care of business telling a lady he doesn't have herpes when without a doubt he does. For whatever length of time that sex is consensual, there is no mischief. Sally would just lure Harry back to her home under, state, the reason to watch a film, anyway when the real demonstration of intercourse occurs, Harry isn't being hoodwinked by any means. Indeed, even with the contentions above, Sally would at last be utilizing Harry basically as a way to accomplish her parts of the bargains. By utilizing Kantian ethical quality, Sally ought not pressure Harry to returning home with her nor should she attempt to tempt him. Kant reasons that people have been given this endowment of unrestrained choice to go about as the isolating line among people and creatures. Creatures are viewed as creatures since they do not have the capacity to think. What at that point, is a definitive worth and motivation behind having an unrestrained choice? On the off chance that the purpose of having a through and through freedom was to look for delight and keep away from hurt, at that point we are just creatures and have squandered this capacity to reason. Rather, people have through and through freedom so they could adhere to moral law. Subsequently, adhere to moral law even in circumstances where social laws or regular tendencies could strife. By following Kants moral thinking, what we do in our lives is correct not just on the grounds that we ourselves trust it to be correct yet in addition since we have willed it to become widespread law, it couldn't in any way, shape or form not be right. The adages that we base our lives on are naturally acceptable on the grounds that we can will it into all inclusive law. Along these lines, moral choices caused utilizing Kants thoughts to can be applied all around. Kants thoughts show regard for mankind and people groups choices are not made for childish joy looking for reasons by regarding individuals as a methods, yet rather they are made dependent on all inclusive ethics and by regarding everyone as a discerning operator. By following Kants moral thinking a balanced specialist will have the option to settle on the correct choice when confronted with an ethical quandary.

The Slums of Two Different Worlds Essay Example For Students

The Slums of Two Different Worlds Essay There are numerous likenesses between Meirelles’s City of God, discharged in 2003 in Brazil and Danny Boyle’s Slumdog Millionaire, discharged in 2008 in the United Kingdom, at the most the two movies being similar of principle characters. These likenesses are two diverse by two unique sides of the world and how the principle characters escape the ghettos. These the two movies have a positive results however have had unpleasant up and coming to escape the ghetto. The primary comparable pair of characters are the principle characters, Rocket from City of God and Slumdog Millionaire, Jamal Malik. Both are fairly an outcast they didn’t pick an inappropriate way, they were simply encircled by individuals that did awful. For Rocket was encircled by wrongdoing, passing, group and medications. As fo Jamal was around his sibling Salim who was getting underhanded before Jamal’s eyes as the years advanced, by controlling Jamal, threating/shooting individuals for things he needed and simply putting circumstances on these shoulders. These characters kept away from retaliating and going to bat for them selves since they realized they would have wound up beaten or dead. We will compose a custom article on The Slums of Two Different Worlds explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Another mutual characteristics Rocket and Jamal have is that they have an energy for a person or thing; Rocket has an enthusiasm for photography and for Jamal has an enthusiasm for his closest companion who he has thought about years and needing to search for her, Latika. Lil Ze and Salim have comparative characters, the two of them are merciless lowlifess. Lil Ze was the nastiest film reprobate, by the way that he was slaughtering at a youthful age (speculating by 9), and needing to be the b control manager of City of God. Salim needing command over Maman for what Maman has gotten Salim and Jamal through. Finding the opportunity to execute Maman, this where Salim’s fiendish side came out and turning into a hired gunman for the underground posse lord’s, Salim needing to get away from destitution he decide to work in the most minimal work. For these characters having no compassion, however one of the changes, Salim changes for his brother’s love for Latika to get away. Additionally to consider a type of gallantry that Salim yielded his life for Latika to rejoin with her companion Jamal. There is next to no to talk about the female leads, Angelica City of God and Latika from Slumdog Millionaire, the two characters where admirers of the primary characters. Angelica enjoyed Rocket however went gaga for Benny because of his graciousness and his difference in garments which made his resemble a playboy. With respect to Latika, her and Jamal where closest companions since they were youngsters. Both female characters cherished these disturbed men. Regardless of the similitudes between the two movies, they have there contrasts which isolates them. City of God unfurls Rockets story of how he turned into a picture taker. A war breaking out between two posses (Lil Ze and Carrots pipsqueaks) for about a year overlooking how they were battling. The Rio press accidently distributed photographs that Rocket snapped a picture shoot on Lil Ze’s posse, making Rocket jumpy, Lil Ze was happy that Rocket distributed it, an acclaim. As the viciousness raised, Rocket had a photograph inclusion in the press of the grisly lethal scene, following by Lil Ze’s demise by the Runts, that partitions its populace of the up and coming youth. In the wake of isolating from Salim for a considerable length of time, Jamal associated with his sibling through a call place where he was only a tea seller, and was right on the money requested to answer calls. Yet, looked for his sibling rather, discovering that Salim worked for the Mumbai criminal black market, this is the place Salim discovered Latika. Where Salim relinquished himself for Latika to free her, after so long of a hunt of her that Jamal and Salim was looking for. These characters where pursuing for a superior future for themselves, through all the penances. .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .postImageUrl , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:hover , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:visited , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:active { border:0!important; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:active , .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u 548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u548b7be0 2c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u548b7be02c473b7c6c51d25b70fe18c9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Do films matter any longer? EssayThe completion of these movies are looking at and differentiated, both insidiousness reprobates kicked the bucket by a firearm fired. They are diverse due to what they passed on for. A straightforward, direct complexity between these movies is the way that in City of God, one of the foes slaughtering for Lil Ze, while for Slumdog Millionaire it was a hero executing for Salim. Lil Ze kicked the bucket for his group and his pride, with respect to Salim passing on for his siblings companion, that was his expression of remorse for what he has put Jamal however, Salim’s unwaveringness to get Latika back. These contrary endings further represent a negative and positive side of death. Despite the fact that these great and terrible sides to these movies that occurred in the two of the world’s biggest ghettos, as two points of view of various nations. City of God was the control of the medication masters in Rio de Janerio and Slumdog Millionaire the attack of the Muslims. These assistance explain the significance of these movies with Rio being controlled and in India’s attack. As a solid decent consummation of these movies is that Rocket turned into a celebrated picture taker and effective with his work, coming out of the ghettos and getting affluent. With respect to Jamal getting poor to rich, for playing the survey game, and knowing each and every inquiry for simply looking for his closest companion being placed in circumstances. For these two characters being brilliant and astute about their choices. This was fascinating to locate these two movies with relatable subjects, comparable characters connections and similar foundations of the characters. These works of art give portrayal and perspectives on Rio and India that made any desire for individuals needing to escape the ghettos.

Reduce Emotional Instability and Borderline Personality

Reduce Emotional Instability and Borderline Personality BPD Living With BPD Print Reducing Emotional Instability With BPD By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on January 10, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often associated with emotional highs and lows, impulsive behavior and sensitivity. Many people with BPD experience intense  emotional instability, or extreme fluctuations between feeling great and feeling depressed or sad.  You may notice that your emotions can change quickly in reaction to some events, such as a disagreement with a friend. Often, your emotional reactions may be disproportionate to the incident that triggers the emotion, such as feeling so sad you begin to cry over a very small inconvenience. While some medications can help reduce your emotional instability, you can make changes to your lifestyle that can help dramatically impact this symptom. Making these changes can reduce the frequency and intensity of your emotions and can improve your overall ability to regulate your emotional responses. Before undergoing any sort of treatment plan to address emotional instability, be sure to talk to your therapist about whats going on to make sure you dont interfere with your therapy. She can even help you with these changes to help manage your emotions. Get Better Sleep Have you ever noticed that when you feel tired, you are more likely to be bothered by smaller things? A good night’s sleep is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your emotional instability and reduce irritability. If you have trouble falling or staying asleep, you can do some things to improve your sleep overall and help you get through your days with less emotional turmoil, such as practicing good sleep hygiene and staying on a regular routine. Exercise It’s no secret that you will feel better physically and mentally when your body is active. Exercise doesn’t just fight a host of physical health problems that are associated with BPD,  it is also a great way to maintain a more stable emotional system. If you don’t have an exercise program, the below article can help you get started. Start small and work your way up to get the benefits of exercise without hurting yourself. Diet When you feel bad, you are more likely to let your diet slip: Negative emotions can lead to urges to eat unhealthy foods, binge eat  or skip meals. You may find yourself turning to comfort foods to help you handle stress or depression. Unfortunately, this can turn into a vicious cycle, because poor eating also impacts mood, leaving you feeling even worse. Practice Good Self-Care The best way to reduce emotional ups and downs is to make a commitment to take good care of yourself. With all the demands that you are facing, this can be easier said than done. The time you spend on a self-care program will pay off if you can improve your emotional well-being. From taking time for yourself to relaxing, meditating, or even pampering yourself, self-care can help you manage your symptoms. While these tips can help your emotional instability, make sure you also talk to a healthcare provider. In some cases, these actions arent enough to help and you may need therapy or medication to manage your symptoms.   5 Keys for Coping With Borderline Personality Disorder

Critique of Robert Frost Essays - 928 Words

Marion Montgomery, â€Å"Robert Frost and His Use of Barriers: Man vs. Nature Toward God,† Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. Reprinted by permission of The South Atlantic Quarterly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Frost is considered by the casual reader to be a poet of nature like that of a Wordsworth. In a sense, his poetry is about nature, yet with strong underlying tones of the drama of man in nature. Frost himself stated, â€Å"I guess I’m not a nature poet,† â€Å" I have only written two without a human being in them (138).† Marion Montgomery’s critical essay plays with the epitaph that Frost proposes for himself in The Lesson for Today: â€Å"I have a lovers quarrel with the world.† Montgomery says, that the lovers quarrel is†¦show more content†¦Many of the works Frost has written show â€Å"his acceptance of man’s limitations and the acceptance of mystery in existence than to agnosticism (142).† The essay is stating that Frost is reserving judgment, keeping silent on his opinions of God and the supernatural. The essay states his thoughts to be, â€Å" experience comes early, understanding later (142).† Frost has been critically ridiculed for his cynicism in his poetry of God toward man. â€Å"To Frost, the mindless world, despite its laws and patterns of cause and effect, lacks completeness, †¦ but man was created so that he may try to make the world complete (143).† Montgomery insists that Frost is devoted to God in his poetry, he implies that God gave us minds and that we should use our minds for the enhancement of the creator’s world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The critical essay by Marion Montgomery explains how Frost connects man to nature and God. Barriers exist between man and nature, and man and God. By interweaving the elements in his poetry, Frost enhances the underlying tones of his work. He invites the readers to find themselves through his poetry, not just in extraordinary circumstances but also in the struggle of everyday life. Nature and God play a backseat role through his poetry. He tends to use nature to symbolize something that has to do with human life or situations that humansShow MoreRelatedAfter Apple Picking, by Robert Frost1043 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is about â€Å"After Apple Picking,† by Robert Frost, from the perspectives of Carl Phillips and Priscilla Paton. I would like to focus more on Carl Phillips discussion of â€Å"After Apple Picking† as his article has more focus on an actual argument on what â€Å"After Apple Picking† is about compared to Patonâ€℠¢s article which is more about how Frost went about writing his poems though his usage of metaphors and vague colloquialisms . Neither article was solely about â€Å"After Apple Picking,† but both hadRead MoreAnalysis of Acquainted with the Night and Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening1471 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper first draft 16th Nov 2011 In a Dark Night, I Find My Answers. The two poems â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† written by Robert Frost are very similar to each other because of the simplistic form of language used and the uses of metaphors. When we first read the poem, it looks like an ordinary poem but once we go in depth and understand the meaning, it becomes so much more. Both of the poem has a very dark, gloomy and lonely setting with a reallyRead More Critique of Keatings Teaching Methods in Dead Poets Society521 Words   |  3 Pagesothers should not think for them or tell them what they should think. The most important lesson Keating teaches is Carpe Diem, which means Seize the Day. Even though this method of instruction is phenomenal and has many benefits, there are a few critiques on Keatings method of teaching. The benefits of Keatings instruction are of self-expression. Keating tries to relate what he is teaching to something they already know, for example, reciting poetry to music while kicking a soccer ball. ThisRead MoreThe Poetry Of Robert Frost3137 Words   |  13 Pagesexamine the poetry of Robert Frost for references to themes of nature, religion, and humanity and how they relate to each other. This exercise will be prefaced with a brief introduction to the man and his life as a segue to better understanding Frost’s verse. The unexpected but unavoidable aim of this composition will be to realize that Frost’s body of work is almost too sophisticated to comprehend, his manipulation of language so elusive that each reader may believe Frost is speaking only to themRead MoreUse Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† has been examined time after time by teachers, professors, students, and even those willing to go even farther for entertainment but many people evaluate the poem in their own ways. There are the scholarly who delve deep into the mysteries of Frost’s poem and their critique containing a broader range of vocabulary. There are also the people who understand the meaning beneath Frost’s poem and seek to educate those who do notRead MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1005 Words   |  5 Pagesappears to be somewhat romantic and a little mysterious. As the reader progresses into the poem, the mood soon fades and the reader starts to figure out that this evening is not what they pictured. â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is a poem written by Robert Frost. The poem was first published in 1927. The speaker of the poem has a similar mood as Eliot’s poem. One character can not seem to fit in at a tea par ty and the other character has drifted into the streets at night. Both of the characters are inRead More Arguing for Authenticity: A Comparison and Contrast of Two American Modern Poets, Robert Frost and Langston Hughes2163 Words   |  9 Pageswhich discusses the importance of the author writing about his or her region of choice in their poetry and how it affects their writing (Ahearn 373). Ahearn discusses writers such as Sterling A. Brown, Langston Hughes, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Robert Frost, Robinson Jeffers, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen, John Crowe Ransom, Charles Rezikoff, Muriel Rukeyser, Gertrude Stine, Wallace Stevens, Sara Teasdale, William Carlos Williams, and Louis Zukofksy. The purpose of mentioningRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, untilRead MoreThe Language of Protest in Shakespeare, Blake, Whitman, Dickinson, Frost, and Rich: Exterior vs. Interior Life1073 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The language of protest in Shakespeare, Blake, Whitman, Dickinson, Frost, and Rich: Exterior versus interior life William Shakespeares Hamlet, on its surface, is a play about a man avenging the death of his father. However, Shakespeare invests the play with a meaning that transcends its plot, despite the fact that it is a performed poetic drama. Even before he learns that his father was murdered, Hamlet is presented to the audience as a man who is depressed and angry at the world. Tis notRead MoreThe Road Not Taken Analysis Essays5699 Words   |  23 PagesThe Road Not Taken Analysis Author: Poetry of Robert Frost | | Mountain Interval1916Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally lay

I Am A Prison For Women - 1217 Words

For Erin George, everything stopped spinning and her world began to disintegrate when Judge Ann Simpson sentenced her to 603 years in prison. Hearing that you have been sentenced to 603 years in prison, is nothing short of ____. In A Woman Doing Life: Notes From A Prison for Women, Erin George gives us an insight as to what its like to go from living at Rappahannock Regional Jail to making Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women her new â€Å"home†. No one prepared Erin for what was to come, with her new sentence, but she knew she had to create some sort of comfort for herself in order to survive. George also allows us to see her vulnerable side while enduring the hardships of both, her personal life she left back home, and the new life she†¦show more content†¦When being transferred from RRJ to FCCW, she was surprised at how the prison looked like an office park rather than a prison (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). Once she arrived at Fluvanna, reality strikes her a nd she realized quickly, from here, there was nowhere else to go, ever (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). George spirals into a dark world by planning her suicide down to every detail so that she were successful. Until, the sergeant pulled her aside and asked her if whether or not she needed to go to mental health, and Erin swiftly regrouped and began to fake it to cope, in return she began to heal (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). George was classified into security level 3, which is one of the highest level for women, this was all based on a numerical rating system where certain factors, are worth a predetermined number of points (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). Donna, George’s friend, had her own opinions as to how inmates should be classified. For example those who don t shower, should be placed in one room, those who steal, in another, and inmates that enjoy fighting, in a room locked so that they can has things out (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). Moreover, George al ways looked forward to mail call. She enjoyed the most, when he mother would send her newspapers articles, song lyrics, pictures of her family, or crossword puzzles (George, Johnson, Martin, 2014). Lastly, George expresses how her privacy diminished, after theShow MoreRelatedPerception Of Fear Among Female Prisoners867 Words   |  4 Pagesamong female prisoners housed in a maximum-security prison Operational definition of fear- The synonyms of fear is terror or horror. It can also classified as anticipation of some known or unknown danger. This anticipation makes us afraid. Sometimes some special feelings or unpleasant memories are also associated that results in fear. Fear can also be associated with the anticipation of physical and/or mental pain. The female inmates in a prison are in the close confines of a specific area. They areRead MoreThe New Black1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe speech I attended was a panel of women who had all previously been to prison. This panel was particularly interesting because these women were the inspiration for the television series Orange is the New Black. The Netflix original series is based on Piper Kerman’s book of the same name. The book was based on her experience in the women’s prison Danbury, which is located in Connecticut. Piper wrote about her personal story and the stories of many of the women she interacted with. Several of theseRead MoreWhat I Learned in the Women and Gender Studies Class1541 Words   |  7 PagesI have a very vivid memory of discussing my classes to my mother before this first semester began, and whenever I listed off my Women and Gender Studies class I remember my mother asking me, â€Å"What do you think you are going to learn about in there?â₠¬  I recall opening my mouth to say something, but nothing came out. I stopped, and looked at her and said, â€Å"You know, I’m not really sure. I guess we will find out!† I knew going in to this class I was excited, but for what I had no clue. However, lookingRead MoreFeminism And The Different Types Of Feminism Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesfeminism, I would have to say that I consider myself to be somewhat of a feminist. For example, I consider myself a liberal feminist because I believe that women and men are equal and deserve to be treated the same way. However, I would not consider myself a radical feminist because I do not believe that the majority of men intentionally group up and overpower women in today’s society. I feel that having an equal environment where both men and women are treated fairly is the best. Furthermore, I do notRead MoreTheu.s. State Prison System965 Words   |  4 PagesThere are so many problem in the Unites State Prison sys tem because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,†Read MoreDorothea Dix : An Extraordinary Woman Who Wore Many Hats1190 Words   |  5 Pagesteacher, author, advocate, social reformer, school and hospital founder, and superintendent. Dorothea Dix held one role more important and noteworthy than any of these however; she was a nurse. Dix’s work advocating for prisoners, the mentally ill and women changed the profession of nursing, as well as aspects of the healthcare system, forever. Dorothea Dix was born on April 4, 1802 in Hampden, Maine. She was the eldest of three siblings, who were born to a mentally ill mother and a fanatically religiousRead MoreWomen of the 20th Century Essays1670 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I feel empty somehow†¦ incomplete†¦ I feel as if I don’t exist.† A sense of numbness was not uncommon for many women who lived in the suburban world of the 1950’s. Confined by a strong emphasis on family and gender roles, women acted as wives and mothers, but did not live as individuals; always being their child’s mother, or their husband’s wife, led these women to lose their sense of self. As prisoners of their own lives, suburban housewives experienced an identity crisis that stripped them ofRead MoreWhen Does The Life Begin? And Who Has The Right To Life?1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhen does the life begin? And who has the right to life? Should abortion be legal and accessible for all women? What are the particular differences regarding abortion in various contexts? Hello I am Denita Singh, a fourth-year student in conflict studies and human rights, and in this episode I am going to look at the question of Abortion in the specific case of El Salvador. [Music] †¢ Today I will be discussing about abortion in El Salvador †¢ When discussing the idea of abortion, there are usuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Jailing Black Babies By James G. 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However, states with fewer prisons have noticed greater decreases in crime. Prisons do not lead to increased stability

Outline of Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Free Essays

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon – The Backbone of Biological Molecules * Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. * Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. * Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules and has made possible the great diversity of living things. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements. These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). (CHONPS) Concept 4. 1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds * The study of carbon compounds, organic chemistry, deals with any compound with carbon (organic compounds). * Organic compounds can range from simple molecules, such as CO2 or CH4, to complex molecules such as proteins, which may weigh more than 100,000 daltons. * The overall percentages of the major elements of life (C, H, O, N, S, and P) are quite uniform from one organism to another. However, because of carbon’s versatility, these few elements can be combined to build an inexhaustible variety of organic molecules. * Variations in organic molecules can distinguish even between individuals of a single species. * The science of organic chemistry began in attempts to purify and improve the yield of products obtained from other organisms. * Initially, chemists learned to synthesize simple compounds in the laboratory, but had no success with more complex compounds. The Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius was the first to make a distinction between organic compounds that seemed to arise only in living organisms and inorganic compounds that were found in the nonliving world. * This led early organic chemists to propose vitalism, the belief that physical and chemical laws did not apply to living things. * Support for vitalism began to wane as organic chemists learned to synthesize complex organic compounds in the laboratory. * In the early 1800s, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler and his students were able to synthesize urea from totally inorganic materials. In 1953, Stanley Miller at the University of Chicago set up a laboratory simulation of chemical conditions on the primitive Earth and demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds. * Such spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds may have been an early stage in the origin of life. * Organic chemists finally rejected vitalism and embraced mechanism, accepting that the same physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena including the processes of life. * Organic chemistry was redefined as the study of carbon compounds regardless of their origin. Organisms do produce the majority of organic compounds. * The laws of chemistry apply to inorganic and organic compounds alike. Concept 4. 2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms * With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell. * Carbon has little tendency to form ionic bonds by losing or gaining 4 electrons to complete its valence shell. * Instead, carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. * When carbon forms covalent bonds with four other atoms, they are arranged at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with bond angles of 109. 5Â °. * In molecules with multiple carbons, every carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape. * However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane and have a flat, three-dimensional structure. * The three-dimensional shape of an organic molecule determines its function. The electron configuration of carbon makes it capable of forming covalent bonds with many different ele ments. * The valences of carbon and its partners can be viewed as the building code that governs the architecture of organic molecules. * In carbon dioxide, one carbon atom forms two double bonds with two different oxygen atoms. * In the structural formula, O=C=O, each line represents a pair of shared electrons. This arrangement completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. * While CO2 can be classified as either organic or inorganic, its importance to the living world is clear. CO2 is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms. It is usually fixed into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis. * Urea, CO(NH2)2, is another simple organic molecule in which each atom forms covalent bonds to complete its valence shell. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules. * Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules. * The skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. * The carbon skeletons may include double bonds. Atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton. * Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. * Hydrocarbons are the major component of petroleum, a fossil fuel that consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. * Fats are biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component. * Petroleum and fat are hydrophobic compounds that cannot dissolve in water because of their many nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen bonds. Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties. * For example, butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula, C4H10, but butane has a straight skeleton and isobutane has a branched skeleton. * The two butanes are structural isomers, molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the c ovalent arrangement of atoms. * Geometric isomers are compounds with the same covalent partnerships that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond does not allow atoms to rotate freely around the bond axis. * The biochemistry of vision involves a light-induced change in the structure of rhodopsin in the retina from one geometric isomer to another. * Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other. * Enantiomers are possible when four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to a carbon. * In this case, the four groups can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images. * They are like left-handed and right-handed versions of the molecule. * Usually one is biologically active, while the other is inactive. Even subtle structural differences in two enantiomers have important functional significance because of emergent properties from specific arrangements of atoms. * One enantiomer of the drug thalidomide reduced morning sickness, the desired effect, but the other isomer caused severe birth defects. * The L-dopa isomer is an effective treatment of Parkinson’s disease, but the D-dopa isomer is inactive. Concept 4. 3 Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions * The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions are known as functional groups. If we consider hydrocarbons to be the simplest organic molecules, we can view functional groups as attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon. * Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another. * The number and arrangement of functional groups help give each molecule its unique properties. * As an example, the basic structure of testosterone (a male sex hormone) and estradiol (a female sex hormone) is the same. * Both are steroids with four fused carbon rings, but they differ in the functional groups attached to the rings. These functional groups interact with different targets in the body. * There are six functional groups that are most important to the chemistry of life: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups. * All are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in water. * In a hydroxyl group (—OH), a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with an oxygen atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton. * Because of these polar covalent bonds, hydroxyl groups increase the solubility of organic molecules. Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are alcohols, and their names typically end in -ol. * A carbonyl group (gt;CO) consists of an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond. * If the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, the compound is an aldehyde. * If the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton, then the compound is a ketone. * Isomers with aldehydes versus ketones have different properties. * A carboxyl group (—COOH) consists of a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group. * Compounds with carboxyl groups are carboxylic acids. A carboxyl group acts as an acid because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+). * An amino group (—NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. * Organic compounds with amino groups are amines. * The amino group acts as a base because the amino group can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution. * Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have amino and carboxyl groups. * A sulfhydryl group (—SH) consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone. This group resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. * Organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups are thiols. * Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize the structure of proteins. * A phosphate group (—OPO32? ) consists of a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond). * A phosphate group connects to the carbon backbone via one of its oxygen atoms. * Phosphate groups are anions with two negative charges, as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms. * One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy-transferring molecule in living cells. These are the chemical elements of life. * Living matter consists mainly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, with smaller amounts of sulfur and phosphorus. * These elements are linked by strong covalent bonds. * Carbon, with its four covalent bonds, is the basic building block in molecular architecture. * The great diversity of organic molecules with their special properties emerges from the unique arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the functional groups attached to the skeleton. How to cite Outline of Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life, Papers

Teachers Perceptions on the Effects of NCLB

Introduction Numerous changes have been introduced in the education system over the last few decades. One of the recent changes is the introduction of new legislation such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), which has had a significant influence on the quality of education in schools. Some of people who are the most affected by this legislation are the teachers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers’ Perceptions on the Effects of NCLB specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this literature review, some pertinent questions about the act and its effect on teachers and their experience will be investigated through an analysis of relevant literature on the same. Do teachers feel that NCLB affects their abilities to infuse creative and engaging strategies in their classroom? In what way does AYP ranking affect teachers’ instructional practices? The other question that will be answered in the literatur e review and the study is whether (and in what ways) the teachers’ instructional practices have been affected by NCLB accountability policies. Do teachers feel NCLB affects their abilities to infuse creative and engaging strategies in their classroom? Many studies have been conducted on the effects of NCLB on operations in schools and the effects on students and their achievements. However, few of these researches investigate the effects that the teachers have experienced because of the same. In most of the researches that are done on the effect of NCLB, some of the findings depict positive effects on the achievements by the students, with the most significant being in math (Dee Jacob, 2011). Despite these findings, it is unlikely that the laws affect the students only. Rather, they also have significant effects on their learning environment, especially their teachers. For sure, the accountability logic in the law suggests that schools find ways of improving students’ performance including the changing of how teachers approach teaching (Manna, 2011). In support of the above postulations, some researchers have concluded that the NCLB has led to teachers spending more of their class time in teaching the major subjects such as math and/or looking for improved instructional strategies, but with reduced productivity (Kinniburgh, Shaw, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The changes in the teaching practices, though meant to introduce positive productivity in the system, have also had some other effects on the teaching staff in the institutions. One of the effects that the teachers have experienced because of the heightened responsibility that is enforced by the law is the amplified sense of performance demands. Despite this aspect of NCLB being a positive and wanted effect of the policy, a sustained performance pressure on teachers may have other u nwanted effects on their performance. Increased and sustained performance pressure on teachers may lead to overwhelming stress and burnout feelings, especially if they perceive the laid down goals to be unattainable. Some authors also state that when the material provided under the NCLB tends to focus on one part or make teachers focus on specific students contrary to the teacher’s professional judgment, they may experience some form of internal conflict, emotional exhaustion, and frustration (Berryhill, Linney, Fromewick, 2009). When teachers are unable to control the knowledge they infuse into students, they also develop a feeling of failure, which may be embarrassing to them, thus serving to demoralize them further. Such has been the effect of NCLB on the performance of some of the teachers. A combination of the effects of such feelings and the normal daily stresses of teaching may be significant enough to frustrate the teachers and reduce their professional output. Evide nce suggests that the concern raised above is a significant cause of concern in the learning institutions. Researchers in the recent years have set to investigate the scope of the problem and the likely recommendations to alter it. Some newspapers, magazines, and other print media sources have quoted some of the teachers frustrated by the laws in their teaching practice. NCLB is a major cause of the frustration. Some of the negative sentiments that teachers have expressed over the NCLB are evident, with some claiming that they are embittered and that they find their work joyless under the legislation. Most of the teachers are familiar with the frustrations caused by the NCLB. Most of them are only compelled to work with it due to the frequent use and adaptation that they have had to go through with time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers’ Perceptions on the Effects of NCLB specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the researchers claimed that teachers’ frustration is based on the judgment they get under the act. According to them, this mode of judgment is unfair. They have frequently expressed concern that they are judged based on factors that are well out of their control, with this often taking an unfair path (Hefling, 2012). Teachers’ unions across the country have also added their voice to the issue. They support the teaching staff over the matter. Their reasoning is similar to that of teachers. How does the NCLB affect teachers and their abilities to infuse creative and engaging strategies in their classroom, and what are their feelings on the same? Surveys have been conducted in the past to find out the answers to this question, with teachers actively participating in them. In some of these surveys, findings have supported the view that teachers view the NCLB as a hindrance to maximum performance at their workplace. Most of the teachers in the surveys have unfavorable views towards the NCLB, thus confirming the unfavorable views that they have constantly held about the legislation (Deniston Gerrity, 2010). Despite the numerous studies conducted in response to the expression of the teachers’ frustration over the legislation, most of the findings remain inconclusive. One of the major reasons for this and the unreliability that studies have been met with is the relatively small sample sizes that they have recruited in reaching their conclusion. Thus, the impact of the NCLB on the attitudes that teachers hold on their jobs and working conditions is still a topic for research, with many gaps being left to be studied in the future research. The teacher turnover in the United States is relatively high. There is still no conclusive research relating the turnover to the strict NCLB that they have to contend with at the work place. However, it is well known that the policy is driving good teachers from the teaching profession, with adve rse effects of this being likely to hit the sector in the future. It is a well-known fact that teachers are a significant building block in the education sector.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, they also represent a formidable force in the formulation of policies in the area. It is because of their isolation from the policy making process that has led to policies that affect their careers such as NCLB to be implemented, with this causing the observed teacher turnover. The accountability reforms introduced under NCLB have affected both students and teachers. It is only now that studies are being conducted on the NCLB’s effects on teachers’ attitudes. Some of the other effects of NCLB that have been studied include the resource reallocation and the achievements by students. Most of the other studies have also focused on the effects of NCLB on the test scores in exams, which form a major measure of performance for the laws in the education sector (Hefling, 2012).With all these studies, the findings do not include the attitudes of teachers on the NCLB. Of interest is the satisfaction that they generate the job security and the resultant anxiety. In the r esults of the limited studies conducted over these attitudes, there have been diverse findings, with most of the researches reporting a downbeat association between the responsibility enforced by the rules and the teachers’ feelings. An example of the findings is that the rules enforced by the authorities, with the NCLB being one of them, cause teachers to have a feeling of evaluation under standardized tests. This case is a major cause of anxiety that could mean that most teachers prefer working under an environment with few if any rules, with the existing ones being about developing themselves and their careers. In the findings above, the evidence supports the idea that the teachers are not satisfied under the NCLB. They feel that their abilities to infuse creative and engaging strategies in their classroom are being compromised. Despite the introduction of accountability measures in the education sector in the Unites States and elsewhere, there is little observed change in the teaching and training of teachers despite them being the main parties affected by the legislation. In the states where the laws are enforced and where the student populations are large, the average teacher experiences stress levels higher, with a marked breakdown from the unfortunate teachers. There are few motivators in the education sector. The strict rules and accountability laws such as the NLCB have replaced this group. It remains to be seen concerning the negative long-term effects that these laws may have on the education sector. Some of the other researchers with significant work on the topic include (Kinniburgh, Shaw, 2009) whose research indicated that schools that did not manage to perform well as stipulated by the AYP had teachers who were frustrated by their work and/or were unwilling to make further contributions. In general, a teacher is trained to make informed decisions on how to improve the performance of the students. This means that, whenever students are n ot performing as expected, the teacher adjusts the teaching practice to train pupils based on their weaknesses. Those deemed weaker are given more time and practice to improve. With the introduction of the NCLB, teachers are limited in their decision-making and have to rely on the set guidelines to ensure they are followed to the letter. Most of the reports that have internally been conducted in the education sector also indicate the burnout experienced by teachers under the NCLB, with this being a negative effect of the pressure they are subjected to. In the research conducted both before and after the NCLB, teachers indicate a progressive loss of interest with the education sector, with the large number of them interviewed stating that their experiences have been different compared to when NCLB was inexistent. These findings are also supported by literature detailing the effects of NCLB on teachers’ attitudes. They found a change in the teachers’ perception of the st udent and school cultures such as absenteeism. The above literature supports the negative effects of NCLB on the ability of teachers to infuse creative and engaging strategies in their classrooms. However, other findings indicate that some of the teachers found the NCLB useful to them and schools in which they worked. Some of the researchers include Dee and Jacob (2010) who reported that the teachers they interviewed believed that the NCLB had contributed to autonomy in their workplace and/or resulted in improved school performance. In another study, teachers reported that the introduction of the NCLB has led to the improvement of their working conditions, with more and more students becoming involved in the class work working as a unit towards the attainment of common goals (Byrd-Blake et al., 2010, p. 461). Across the United States, there has been increased school enrollment, with the performance being relatively constant over a period. However, proponents of the introduction of t he NCLB state that the regulations originally in the education sector were more in the facilitation of completion of school rather than in the quality of students being trained by the institutions. This position is however true for the NCLB. It is leading to the production of students and graduates who are ill equipped to serve in the current job market despite having high qualifications as per the educational standards. Teachers on the other hand manage to produce the right students as per the system, but get exhausted along the way because of the repetition that they have to encounter. In most of the studies that have reported an increased positive performance in the country, the number of teachers who had worked before and after the introduction of NCLB seems higher than that of the first-time workers. This means that they may have a better experience than the latter. A factor of the NCLB that cannot be ignored is the significant relationship that has been shown with the job sati sfaction and stress. These are mainly in the teaching staff as indicated above. However, students have also displayed the same in the course of their learning under NCLB. The satisfaction of the teachers and students as well as the stress that teachers go through can be attributed to the NCLB in one way or the other, and hence a negative factor in the performance of pupils. The literature therefore suggests that the introduction of the NCLB has had negative impacts on the teaching staff, with most of them being unable to discharge their duties to the maximum. Some of the negative effects that are mentioned include the increased pressure that they are expected to work in and the little motivation they get. The few benefits of the NCLB that have been highlighted include the facilitation of autonomy and independence of teachers. Students have also experienced improved performance in their coursework. They have a better understanding of the major subjects such as math. There is however, a lot to be researched to allow adequate answering of the question. Ample research should go towards the area. The next question that the research looks at is the effects that AYP ranking has on the instructional practices for teachers. In what way does AYP ranking affect teachers’ instructional practices? The act that brought into existence the NCLB stipulates that every state in the US should make plans for adequate yearly progress. The act also stipulates actions against the institutions and teachers who do not demonstrate progress towards the achievement of the above. It has affected teachers and their practice. Some of the characteristics in the AYP include the emphasis on math and reading, with each of the students being proficient in them in the school year of 2013-14. The requirements also entail teachers grouping the students into their respective demographic groups and/or ensuring that they achieve the targeted AYP, and hence the expected level by the year 2014. As stated above, the institutions that did not meet the requirements of the NCLB in the form of AYP were liable to corrective action if this exceeded the year 2014. Since teachers have to work with the AYP in mind, this has various effects on their teaching, especially on their instructional practices. The measure applied in the AYP estimation uses the major subjects and student performance in these subjects. Teachers are made to spend more time in them while ignoring other subjects. An example is mathematics where the NCLB has had a significant effect on its teaching and performance. Teachers from schools that do not make the AYP are increasingly under pressure to make students perform. Most of them end up using unconventional methods of teaching and instructional practices. The use of AYP in NCLB was meant to make it a means of measuring the performance of institutions and the teaching staff. Despite the teachers experiencing increased pressure under the act, they also have an easy way of measuring their performance and using it to rank themselves in the country (Byrd-Blake et al., 2010, p. 461). It was also expected that parents would use the AYP to put pressure on learning institutions where their children were in to ensure they got improved services. The proportion of parents who are aware of the existence of AYP is however not large. This means that it has not attracted them to make the institutions accountable. The few parents with awareness however have made the teachers work extra harder, thus contributing to more pressure for them and their instructional practices (Chughati, Perveen, 2013). The AYP ranking, despite being a wonderful way of quantifying the success in the implementation of the NCLB is increasingly making teachers change their instructional practices. This situation is affecting institutions in a negative way. Some of the teachers have also opted to change schools or resign from the teaching practice based on the performance as per the A YP. The rest who have decided to stick to the system often encounter problems with compliance since it is harder to adjust their instructional practices. The education system has benefited from the introduction of the AYP in a number of ways. Many states have set the expected AYP levels for the different cohorts of students. Despite these advances in the sector, little has been done on the side of the teaching staff, with the teaching instruments remaining stagnant. The accountability measure, therefore, causes distress to teachers as they try to meet the standards in an area in which they are not trained (Chughati, Perveen, 2013). The remuneration for the teaching staff is also not commensurate with the pressure that they get from working under the new accountability measures. There is little motivation for them. A combination of these factors makes teaching under the NCLB less interesting, with the AYP having significant effects on the teachers’ instructional practices. Ha s teachers’ instructional practices been affected by NCLB accountability policies? Accountability policies in the teaching institutions and in the education sector in general have their roots several decades ago. They are described as having significant influence on the education sector over this period. Their role can be as old as over 50 years. The introduction of tests as one of the means of measuring the performance of the various parts of the education sector and processes has ensured that the strategy is able to pick and assess students with special abilities with the aim of placing them in line with the vision of the country over the years (Sawchuk, 2010). Some of the earliest of the tests used to compare and investigate the performance of the educational programs, the different schools, and the teaching staff include the Stanford Achievement Test that was set up in 1923. The use of tests was later succeeded by the use of assessments as a measure of different elements of the education system, with the most historic one being the National Assessment of Educational Progress or (NEAP). Some of the programs that followed include Title I, with the more recent being the NCLB Act, which came into being in 2001. All these accountability policies have had significant effects on teaching in the institutions of learning, and undoubtedly on the instructional practices for teachers. Significant work has been conducted relating to the impact of accountability policies on the instructional practices. Earlier in the days, there was an advanced use of testing in the educational sector, and hence one of the reasons why researchers got interested on the effects it may have had on the instructional practices for teachers. What effects does the use of accountability policies and especially testing and NCLB have on teaching? This question remains the pertinent concerning most of the works that were published during this period on the same topic. Some of the researcher s documented positive effects of the policies on teaching, with some of the other researchers observing only negative effects. In the positive findings, the researchers stated that the accountability measures put in place were helpful for teachers in aiding them to make positive changes to their instructional practices. With the initial studies done on the effects of the use of tests as accountability measures, teachers were able to influence their students based on the results of the tests. This strategy also helped teachers to alter positively their instructional practices. Based on these tests too, they had access to the weaknesses and strengths of students. This means that they could influence this to make them better in the particular subjects. The testing also allowed the teaching staff to establish the areas where students did not understand. The strategy allowed more time on the same. It also allowed them to adjust the curriculum according to the benefits of students, thus p aving a way for more time for the important and difficult sections. Teachers could also use these to give feedback to the policy makers and the effectiveness of the measures on the ground together with the changes that needed to be effected as a matter of urgency. Teachers were instrumental in the improvement of instruction in the education sector. This was only possible through the various accountability measures put in place in the sector. Another positive influence that the accountability policies have had on the teaching instructions is the continued contribution from both the teacher and students to the sector. The testing used as a measure of accountability and policy was also useful in measuring the performance of students and therefore a means of establishing the success of the teaching system used. In his work, he reports how teachers in the state of Washington used test results to model the instructions. Teachers got it from the new curriculum, which had been brought about by the same kind of work (1998). Despite the above number of positive findings, several research publications highlight the negative impacts that accountability policies have on the teachers’ instructional practices. Few research studies exist that have detailed the impact of NCLB on the teaching instructional practices in schools that are originally classified as Title I (Spohn, 2008). However, the selected studies in this area are resourceful as per the instructional practices in these schools. In most of these studies, the major findings are the negative effects of the accountability measures on teachers’ instructional practices (Spohn, 2008). With the introduction of NCLB, most of the schools in the United States have devoted most of their time to the important subjects and the technical ones, with some of the rest being victims of the change in policy. This case has therefore generated a lot of criticism from various actors in the educational sector and elsewhere within and without the country. An example of the suggested several negative effects of the accountability include a reduction in the instructional creativity, reduced coverage depth, and some students being unfairly suited in the system. Some of the other negative findings associated with the accountability policies include the use of materials in the teaching process that were not adequately developmental to the students, a pace of learning that was also not appropriate, and the curriculum also suffered decreased flexibility and decreased scope. Despite the curriculum being narrow as indicated above, it contained many topics, which resulted in overcrowding, with some of the topics being given a greater priority than others and being overemphasized. Most of the teachers therefore spend most of time dealing with topics that they regard as being more important in relation to others. Hence, some of the subjects are ignored. This has an overall negative effect on students, as they are not mounded into all-rounded people that the education system ironically demands. Most of the teachers also experienced reduced pleasure in teaching because of the introduction of these accountability measures. In the selection of courses, many of the people who chose to study education science to become teachers did it because of family tradition, the opportunities in this sector, or because of satisfaction that they would get out of this career. The introduction of the accountability policies such as NCLB however means that they can no longer enjoy the career they once cared for. This claim is one of the reasons for the high turnover rate in the profession, with teachers getting increasingly frustrated with the terms of engagement. In the near future, this case is likely to create a crisis as the number of teachers being trained reduces while those in practice quit their jobs. Some of the teachers, if not most of them, had developed effective and innovative methods of teaching be fore the introduction of accountability policies. The introduction of accountability policies such as the NCLB means that these teachers cannot use these methods any more. They have to adapt to the new curriculum, which they describe as lockset only relying on improved tested skills. There are also costs incurred in the above policies, which have contributed towards making the cost of education higher than expected. Teachers’ instructional practices have therefore been affected both positively and negatively by the NCLB accountability policies. Positive effects of NCLB A number of studies have been conducted detailing the positive and negative effects of NCLB, with some being stated above. In this section, a detailed account of some of the studies done on the positive effects of the same will be made. Researchers focused on different parts of the Act in their studies. An example of the said studies is the one by Jennings and Corcoran, (2009), and Dee and Jacob (2010). Jenning s and Corcoran (2009) used the common method to demonstrate the purpose of their study, which was to evaluate the effect of the policy using students from various schools as participants. Test scores from the participating students were used in this study as a measure and proof of the changes in the respective subjects brought about by the policy changes. A major finding especially in the subject of Math is that NCLB has had significant improvement among the concerned students. The observed improvement in the subjects was considerable, with the researchers stating that the Act ensured the technical subjects are allocated more time in school and that the teaching staff members give adequate time for the same. The other study done by Dee and Jacob (2011) also used test scores in the various subjects to prove the changes that have been brought about by the NCLB. In the study, they stated their main purpose of doing the study was to evaluate the impact of No Child Left Behind on student s’ achievement in the various institutions around the different regions of the country. The study also used students from the said institutions as participants. Test scores in Math were the main means of measuring these effects (Dee Jacob, 2011). Compared to the finding by Jennings and Corcoran, Dee and Jacob established that the act had recorded a significant improvement in majorly the technical subjects with math recording the highest benefit of the policy (2011). A combination of these studies proves that the application of the NCLB policy was a timely and important measure that the government and other stakeholders implemented in the education sector. Among other effects that the two studies focused on as a measure of success of the policy is the mean time spent in the various units and subjects before and after the policy. Another of the studies that found a positive utility of the NCLB policy in schools assessed was by Ravitch (2009). The purpose of the study was to an alyze NCLB policy in the form of productivity of schools both in the form of the teaching staff and the students’ achievement. As suggested, the participants in this study were teaching staff and the students. Despite this study applying different means of measuring the success of the policy compared to the above listed studies, the researchers proved that the NCLB had resulted to improved accountability for the teaching staff and improved success in the side of the students. Teachers were found to have devoted more time allocated to the various subjects in the teaching of the technical subjects, and hence the recorded improvement. The above studies positively criticize the NCLB policy and the effects it has had on the teaching and learning in institutions. The similarity is that they all base their measures of success on students’ output, with most of them disregarding other factors such as the staff turnover associated with the policy. Some other studies, however, fo cused on the negative effects that the NCLB has had on the learning institutions, the staff, as well as students. Most of them had negative criticism, with most concluding the negative utility of the same. Studies done depicting the negative effects of the NCLB have mainly been focused on the teaching staff and the effects that the policies have had on them. One such example is the study by Berryhill, Linney, and Fromewick (2009) whose purpose was to spell out some of the effects that teachers have had to deal with since the inception of NCLB. The authors used teachers as the participants. These researchers proved that teachers had an increased level of stress associated directly to the policy. They reported exhaustion from working under the conditions provided in it. They also had an increased frustration with a resultant high turnover of these pillars of the education system. The same negative effects of the NCLB were also observed by Santoro (2011) whose purpose was to investigat e the teaching practices under the NCLB and the effects that it had on the teaching staff. As Santoro proved, the Act provided for the labeling of schools as either successful or failing based on the expected performance under NCLB. Teachers and students were the participants. The author focused on schools that were labeled as failing. These schools were reported to have higher levels of stress, with this outcome negatively affecting their performance and studies respectively (Santoro, 2011). This study also demonstrates the negative effects of the policy and the negative perception that teachers have on it. Ladd conducted a study whose purpose was to present the effects of NCLB and the perception of teachers. He managed to get some negative effects of the policy on the teaching staff (Ladd, 2011). The study that used teachers from government institutions as participants proved that the teachers working for the government and hence under the policy demonstrated impatience and lack o f satisfaction and self-fulfillment (Ladd, 2011). The study suggested that the implementation of the policy had influenced studying in the learning institutions. This revelation was also a negative effect of the output compared to the private institutions. Winstead (2011) conducted a cross-sectional study with the purpose of finding out the effect of NCLB and responsibility of social studies. â€Å"A group of teachers—eight females and one male—participated in this study at a large urban university in southern California† (Winstead, 2011, p. 223). Their findings included the conclusion that the effects were less in relation to the expectations in the states where NCLB is under strict application. Winstead proved, â€Å"NCLB-dictated subject matter focus and dominance in schools† (2011, p.223). The training of teachers and instructors in the emphasized subjects took place before the implementation of the Act. Once it came into effect, most of them were una ble to integrate this useful tool into the daily learning of students. The result is the poor efficacy of the tools. The Act has also been misused in the past, thus creating a negative attitude among people who are responsible for its implementation. Bloxham and Boyd (2012) also conducted a similar study on the development and implementation of curriculum in the presence of the NCLB. The study’s purpose was to investigate how the education sector is accountable when handling students’ marks. The study used â€Å"12 academic tutors from two post-1992 universities in England† (Bloxham Boyd, 2012, p. 622). The findings proved the aspect of accountability in terms of implementing NCLB hence putting blame on the policies that contribute to the withering of gains in the education sector. As Bloxham and Boyd prove, â€Å"Accountability appears to be viewed by some in a competitive or anxious way† (2012, p. 623). A number of schools were sampled in this study, w ith most of them being useful in the conclusion making. A similar study conducted on job stress also stated that a major contributor of the work-related stress for teachers is the implementation of the NCLB that enables them to work at more pressure (Noblett, Rodwell, 2009). The strain on teachers may be attributable to a number of policies in the education sector. Some of the more commonly attributed ones include the NCLB and the Common Core. Common Core Common Core State Standards were meant to improve the performance of students in schools around the country in the scientific subjects, and in mathematics in particular. The implementation of the standards had a close effect to that of the NCLB policy. There are studies done detailing the performance of the measure against the expected results and the purpose for which it was created. One of the literatures detailing the success of the Common Core standards in the local classrooms is the work of Kinniburgh, and Shaw (2009) whose p urpose was to establish whether there was any relationship between the performance of students and the Common Core standards. The study consisting of over 50-student participants used the test scores and evaluated the performance in science subjects against the benchmark. Among the policies under study were the Common Core principles. The authors proved that these principles were found to have a significant contribution to the performance of these students. In their work, the researchers came across some recorded improvement in the subject of Math that was attributable to the Common Core principles. Other researchers also found a direct relationship between the positive and improved performance of the listed subjects and the Common Core. Ewing conducted a survey whose purpose was to test the effectiveness of the Common Core standards in the learning and teaching of math in schools in and around the state (2010) using both teachers and students as participants. The author proved that the implementation of Common Core has added advantages for both the teaching fraternity and students in that it ensures that they are able to plan and form objectives for their study. Teachers had the challenge of effective study methods. With the implementation of the Common Core, the output was recorded to increase with subsequent better performance. Manos (2009) on the other hand used a different assessment criterion for the Common Core principles with the purpose of showing their effect on the curriculum, especially on higher education around the country with the utilization of teaching staff. Upon using staff members from various institutions as participants, his findings, however, proved those of the previous two studies indicating a positive effect of the policy on students’ performance. The result of the study was a recommendation to the use of the policies in institutions of learning as they were found to be beneficial. Therefore, the serious follow-up and implement ation of all the aspect that it constitutes are likely to have positive effects on the education system. The major effect will be improved performance and a resultant general improvement in the level of population qualification. Despite the researchers above indicating the positive effects of the Common Core, there are those who observed other detrimental effects and unwanted interference with students’ performance. They explored in details the effects of the policies on the average student’s performance using students as participants by involving the comparison of their expected results with the available output. Phillips and Wong were some of the researchers who did studies with the purpose of establishing the effects of common Core principles on learning, only to deduce negative impacts of the same on the education system (2010). In their work, they were able to prove that even with the considerable time that the standards have been in place in most of the states, d ifficulties were evident in their implementation and follow-through, with the bulk of the institutions recording some poor results in the main subjects as compared to what is expected. The study utilized various schools as participants. The main aim was to establish the utility of Common Core standards in learning institutions. Conclusion In conclusion, the policies applied in the education sector have both a positive and negative side. Although they are implemented to oversee improved performance in some of the technical subjects, these policies have eroded some of the gains that had been realized in other subjects and in education as a whole. NCLB principle has been a source of improved performance for students, just as it has been witnessed with the Common Core. However, these principles have several weaknesses as detailed in the paper based on the works of various researchers. Reference List Berryhill, J., Linney, A., Fromewick, J. (2009). The effects of education accountabilit y on teachers: Are policies too stress provoking for their own good? International Journal of Education Policy Leadership, 4(5), 1-14. Bloxham, S., Boyd, P. (2012). Accountability in grading student work: securing academic standards in a twenty-first century quality assurance context. 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Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=12sid=5fc76088-932a-41be-8490-c374200f9c11%40sessionmgr10hid=6 This essay on Teachers’ Perceptions on the Effects of NCLB was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.